The IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2025 highlights escalating energy security risks across fuels and technologies, driven by geopolitical tensions and supply chain vulnerabilities—especially for critical minerals (70% market concentration in refining).
- Electricity demand is surging, fueled by AI, data centers, and electrification, with global investment in data centers reaching $580bn in 2025, surpassing oil ($540bn).
- Renewables, led by solar PV, dominate growth, while nuclear capacity is set to rise by a third by 2035.
- Oil and gas supplies remain ample short-term, but geopolitical risks persist.
The IEA estimates grid and storage investments still lag, risking bottlenecks. Resilience to climate impacts and cyber threats is also critical, as 2023 saw 200M households affected by energy disruptions.